Introduction Haider Ali (also spelled Hyder Ali) was the de-facto ruler of Mysore Kingdom for the period between 1761 to 1782. He is remembered in history for bravely resisting the expansion of British Empire in India. Background Udiyar, a Hindu dynasty, ruled Mysore since the fourteenth century. Mysore was a tributary state of the Mughals. … Read more

Good Manners refers to the polite and good social behaviour. Good Manners plays a significant role in building human relationships. It lays the foundation of a stable social pattern. It implies certain values of human relationship that kept the society alive and kicking. It is true that human life today has become speedy and hectic. … Read more

The Mesolithic culture in India corresponds to the second cultural phase of Pleistocene. Indian microlithism was first marked by Carllayle as early as 1867 from Vindhyan rock-shelter. Later on, Cockburn and Rivett Carnac discovered more microlithic sites. These earlier scholars considered these industries as ‘Proto-­Neolithic’. More systematic studies were initiated by the prehistoric Archaeologists like, … Read more

Class and caste are two phenomena of social stratification which offer many features in common not only in their origin but also in their development and function. Both are agencies of social mobility and selection in as much as they decide largely the position that a man occupies in society. The word ‘caste’ is used … Read more

Introduction Water is the most precious gift of nature. It has no taste, no smell and no colour. It is found everywhere and the other name of it is life. We find it in tanks, ponds, wells, rivers and springs. Almost three-fourth of the earth is water. We should conserve and save water so as … Read more

Shahnama (also Shahnameh) is the “Book of Kings” in poetic form written by the poet Firdausi (also Ferdowsi). In Mahmud’s court there were many scholars, poets and artists but there was none that can be compared with Firdausi, whose name has been immortalized because of the compilation of the world-famous `Shahnama’. In this great work … Read more

Fire Making Fire may be considered as one of the chief agents of human cultural progress. Indeed, no single material trait other than fire could lift man above the level of other animals. In the remote prehistoric past, human being commanded the animal world as he could discover and master fire. In those days, he … Read more

Durgabai Deshmukh played an important role in our struggle for independence. Among the southern states, Andhra had the unique distinction of contributing the largest contingent of women Satyagrahis who, unmindful of the hardships, entered the prisons. In the non-cooperation movement of 1922, a young girl of twelve years offered satyagraha at Kakinada. This young girl, … Read more

Right from the days of the Indus Valley Civilisation, the Mother Goddess is worshipped in India as the force behind productivity. But during the period between the Rig-Vedic age till the beginning of the Gupta age, aristocrats were not in favour of worshipping the Mother Goddess. She was popular among pre-Aryan tribals. She stood for … Read more