The Maharashtri Apabhramsa developed into Marathi language quite early, but the Marathi literature emerged in the latter half of the 13th century. For about three hundred years, the literature—all in verse—was mainly religious and philosophical in spirit Mukundaraja’s Viveka Sindhu is considered to be the first major work in the Marathi language. Mukundaraja belonged to the Natha … Read more
The Nepali language has grown from the Khas Prakrit. Rich in folk tradition, the literary forms of Nepali Language took shape only in the 18th century. Early poets of note were Subananda Das, Shakti Ballav Aryal and Udayanand Aryal. The first Khandakavya in the Nepali language is supposed to be Basant Sharma’s Krishna Chartia In … Read more
The origin of Oriya Literature can be traced back to the 8th or 9th century, but Oriya literary works of merit appears only in the 13th century. It was in the 14th century with Saraladasa’s Oriya version of Mahabharatha that Oriya literature assumed a definite character. The Pancha Sakha—five poets, Balarama, Jagannatha, Anant, Yosowant and … Read more
History of Punjabi Language and Literature According to scholars Punjabi grew out of the Sauraseni Apabhramsa in the 11th century A.D. Some scholars also see Paisachi influence in its development. The development of modern Punjabi Literature in India has been parallel with formation of the Gurumukhi script drawn up by the Sikh gurus. Punjabi Literature … Read more
The term ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’ are expressions of values which helps us in observing the process of social and cultural transformation in societies as they pass from the ‘primitive’ to ‘pre-industrial’ to ‘industrial’ and ‘post-industrial’ phases of social development. Modernization is a conceptual tool which social scientists have widely used in analyzing the process as … Read more
There is some controversy over how old Sindhi Language is and what family of languages it belongs to. But Sindhi Language in India continues to florish even today. While most scholars consider it an Indo-Aryan language, some scholars believe that it belongs to the languages of the Indus Valley, i.e. a period before the advent of … Read more
The oldest of the Dravidian languages is Tamil. Tamil literature has had unbroken development over twenty centuries. Dating ancient Tamil literature is, however, a problem. Most scholars agree that Tolkappiyam is the earliest extant Tamil grammar and literary work, as some of its archaic structures and considerations of stylistics place it earlier than what has … Read more
English is a foreign language but the contribution of Indian writers in English Literature can be witnessed on several fields such as education, literary effort and as a medium of communication. A pioneer of Indo-Anglian literature was Raja Rammohan Roy whose prose works is noteworthy. There were poets such as Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, Madhusudan Dutt, … Read more
Famous Literary Personalities of India Abul Fazl Abul Fazl was a sixteenth century Muslim scholar and historian. He was one of the most respected scholar in the court of Akbar the Great. Assadullah Khan Ghalib Mirza Ghalib was a great Urdu poet of the nineteenth century. He is famous for his ghazals and diwans. He also … Read more
Since we achieved independence in 1947, our national leaders attached importance to education. There has been steady effort to spread education to all levels of Indian society. To strengthen the Indian Education System, an educational policy was adopted by the Indian Parliament in 1968. Education was made an important and integral part of the national development efforts. … Read more