Introduction Land reform refers to all those institutional changes aiming at the redistribution of operational land holdings in favour of the less privileged classes from the view point of optimum utilization of land. Objectives The objectives of economic planning and land reforms in India are to achieve maximum production and to attain a measure of … Read more

Introduction Dualism mainly refers to economic and social divisions in an economy, such as differences in technology between sectors, differences in the degree of geographic development and differences in social customs and culture. Dualism can be in shape of geographic, social technological and financial. It would be worth noting that all these types of dualism … Read more

Difficulties in estimating national income in India are as follows: Firstly, in India, most of the people are illiterate. They have no idea about the method of keeping accounts. Secondly, the large non-monetary sector of our economy also stands in the way of the national income estimates. In India, it is very difficult to evaluated … Read more

The Small Scale Industries play an important role in Indian economy in spite of facing numerous difficulties. The Government of India has taken certain measures for the development of cottage and small scale industries. We will discuss those measures in brief in the following: 1. We know that the small scale industries are handicapped by … Read more

Introduction Small scale and cottage industries in India occupy a vital position in the planned industrial development in the country. Not only they provide immediate large scale employment but also offer a method of ensuring a more equitable distribution of the national income. Moreover they facilitate an effective mobilization of capital. The Planning Commission of … Read more

In some underdeveloped economics, the increased population may help in the economic progress of the country by providing cheap and abundant labor. It can also expand market which necessitates effective demand. But this is not true in case of the over-populated and under-developed country like India. In India population is increasing at an alarming rate. … Read more

Introduction The economy of country refers to labor and property supplied by the people of the nation. The national income of a country is expressed in terms of money valued at current price levels. A national income provides a total for the country’s whole economy, and permits one to weigh the magnitude of any given … Read more

Introduction Water Pollution is the contamination of water bodies. It occurs as a result of introduction of pollutants in water. Water is life. Still, we contribute in polluting the water bodies in several ways. Water Pollution is mainly caused as a result of improper discharge of household and industrial chemicals wastes into the water bodies. These … Read more

Sources of Noise Pollution Introduction: The sources of Noise Pollution may be broadly classified under the following categories. Transport noise, Machinery noise, Domestic and neighborhood noise. 1. Sources of Transport noise: The sources of Transport noises are mainly of the following types. Surface traffic or transport noise. Rail transport noise. Air transport or aircraft noise. Surface transport … Read more

Punctuality means doing a thing at the previously designated or appointed time. It is often said that ‘art is long and time is fleeting’. Punctuality enables us to do a great deal of work within a short span of time. Punctuality is the most important characteristic of all successful people. A punctual person is able … Read more