The Mesolithic culture in India corresponds to the second cultural phase of Pleistocene. Indian microlithism was first marked by Carllayle as early as 1867 from Vindhyan rock-shelter. Later on, Cockburn and Rivett Carnac discovered more microlithic sites. These earlier scholars considered these industries as ‘Proto-Neolithic’. More systematic studies were initiated by the prehistoric Archaeologists like, … Read more
Class and caste are two phenomena of social stratification which offer many features in common not only in their origin but also in their development and function. Both are agencies of social mobility and selection in as much as they decide largely the position that a man occupies in society. The word ‘caste’ is used … Read more
Meaning of National Integration and Communal Harmony: National Integration refers to the perception of single national identity among people of a country belonging to various races, castes and religion. Communal Harmony refers to the harmony, acceptance and love among the people of various communities belonging to different castes, races and religion. Communal Harmony is the … Read more
Introduction Water is the most precious gift of nature. It has no taste, no smell and no colour. It is found everywhere and the other name of it is life. We find it in tanks, ponds, wells, rivers and springs. Almost three-fourth of the earth is water. We should conserve and save water so as … Read more
Shahnama (also Shahnameh) is the “Book of Kings” in poetic form written by the poet Firdausi (also Ferdowsi). In Mahmud’s court there were many scholars, poets and artists but there was none that can be compared with Firdausi, whose name has been immortalized because of the compilation of the world-famous `Shahnama’. In this great work … Read more
Fire Making Fire may be considered as one of the chief agents of human cultural progress. Indeed, no single material trait other than fire could lift man above the level of other animals. In the remote prehistoric past, human being commanded the animal world as he could discover and master fire. In those days, he … Read more
Durgabai Deshmukh played an important role in our struggle for independence. Among the southern states, Andhra had the unique distinction of contributing the largest contingent of women Satyagrahis who, unmindful of the hardships, entered the prisons. In the non-cooperation movement of 1922, a young girl of twelve years offered satyagraha at Kakinada. This young girl, … Read more
Right from the days of the Indus Valley Civilisation, the Mother Goddess is worshipped in India as the force behind productivity. But during the period between the Rig-Vedic age till the beginning of the Gupta age, aristocrats were not in favour of worshipping the Mother Goddess. She was popular among pre-Aryan tribals. She stood for … Read more
Alexander Invasion of India The Indian invasion of Alexander covered only a brief period of about two years. But it had its direct and indirect effects, permanent or temporary. These effects were political, commercial and cultural. As an invasion, it was like a passing episode without leaving any lasting impression on the Indian mind. It … Read more
Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu was the great Social Reformer from the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on 16th of April, 1848 at Rajahmundry. Andhra Desh and Andhra people could not be what they are if Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu had not arrived to vitalize them. He brought new vigor in Telugu Literature. Sri Veeresalingam Pantulu … Read more